Unit 3 Matter

State of Matter, Structure of Atom, Physical, and Chemical Properties

By Mr. Palmer
Unit 3 Matter

State of Matter:

Facts:
  Kinetic Theory of Matter
    •All Matter is composed of small particles called atoms.Atoms are Composed of the Proton, Electron, and Neutron.
      -a molecule is two or more atoms combined together ie. H2O and CO2.
      -single atoms (monatomic) are Noble gases ie. helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar) ... Noble Gases are located on the far Right of the Periodic Table.
      -diatomic atoms (two atoms) typically are gases such as hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), ...
    •All atoms are in constant motion.
      -temperature is a measure of how fast atoms are moving.
      -temperature is measured using the Kelvin scale.
      -to convert from Celsius to Kelvin add 273.15.Absolute Zero is -273.15 degrees Celsius, zero degrees Celsius is 273.15 Kelvin, boiling water is 100 degrees Celsius 373.15 Kelvin.
      -at absolute zero the motion of atoms stops.
    •All collisions between molecules are elastic collisions.Elastic Collisions is when Objects hit each other and no Energy is Lost.
  States of Matter
    •Solid-Water as Ice.
      -molecular structure: closed packed.
      -motion of atoms: vibrating.
      -shape: constant.
      -volume: constant.
    •Liquid-Liquid Water
      -molecular structure: loosely packed.
      -motion of atoms: randomly flowing.
      -shape: none: determined by container.
      -volume: constant.
    •Gas-Water as Steam.
      -molecular structure: random.
      -motion of atoms: moving very fast.
      -shape: none: determined by container.
      -volume: determined by container.
  Change of State for Matter (Phase Changes):
    •State of matter determined by-
      -temperature.Temperature is a Measure of How Fast Moleculues Move.
      -pressure.Pressure is a Force per unit Area. A Measure of how often Atoms Collide with the Walls of a Container.
    •Heat of Fusion-
      -the energy required to make a solid into a liquid. aka Melting of Ice to Water
      -the energy required to make a liquid into a solid. aka Freezing of Water to Ice.
    •Heat of Vaporization-
      -the energy required to make a liquid into a gas. aka Boiling of Water to make Steam.
      -the energy required to make a gas into a liquid. aka Water Vapor Condensing to a Liquid.
    •Phase Diagram-
      -a chart or table that shows the relationship between temperature and heat energy.
      -every material has a unique phase diagram.
  Vocabulary
    •Sublimation: From a solid to a gas, an example dry ice to carbon dioxide.
    •Evaporation: From a liquid to a gas, an example water to water vapor.

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Structure of Atom:

Facts:
  Parts of an Atom
    •Nucleus
      -is the mass of an atom.
      -contains the proton and nuetron.
      -has a positive charge.
      -an element is defined as a group of atoms with the same number of protons.
      -isotopes are defined as atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons.
    •Electron Cloud
      -represents the volume of an atom.
      -contains the electrons.
      -has a negative charge.
      -electrons occupy energy levels.
      -valance electrons are the outermost electrons and determine how the element reacts chemically.
  Subatomic Particles
    •Proton
      -has a positive charge.
      -has a mass of 1 Amu.1 Amu (Atomic Mass Unit) is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon atom. Since the typical carbon atom has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
    •Electron
      -has a negative charge.
      -has a mass of 1/1836 of a proton.
    •Neutron
      -has no charge or neutral.
      -has a mass of 1 Amu.
  Electron Energy Levels (link to video desription)
    •1st Row of the Periodic Table-
      -this is known as the 1s-orbital.
      -it is able to contian a maxium of two electrons.
    •2nd Row of the Periodic Table-
      -the first two electrons fill the 2s-orbital and then six electrons fill the 2p-orbital.
      -second energy level can contain a maxium of 8 electrons.
    •3rd Row of the Periodic Table-
      -the first two electrons fill the 3s-orbital and then six electrons fill the 3p-orbital.
      -third energy level can contain a maxium of 18 electrons.Special Note: The periodic table only has 8 elements and the third energy level can contain 18 electrons. This is possible because the transition metals on the fourth energy level receive electrons in the 3d-orbital.
    •4th Row of the Periodic Table-
      -the first two electrons fill the 4s-orbital, then ten electrons fill the 3d-orbital, and finally six electrons fill the 4p-orbital.
      -fourth energy level can contain a maxium of 32 electrons.Special Note: This is similar to row three of the periodic table but a new 4f-orbital is possible which can hold another 14 electrons.
  Octet Rule
    •The Octet Rule is that the the outer energy level of any element will typically have eight electrons. Some may have two. A few exceptions are: hydrogen, helium, lithium, berylium, and boron.
    •In nature having eight electrons circling a nucleus makes it stable. This configuration is so stable that elements like the Noble gases do not form compounds under normal circumstances.
  Vocabulary
    •Orbital Spin-electrons spin about an axis giving them a magnetic north and south pole.
    •Pauli exclusion principle-in an atom no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.
    •Hund Rule-is that electrons fill an energy level as single electrons before making electron pairs.
    •Aufbau Principle-that electrons will occupy the lowest energy level first and build up from there.
      -the first two electrons fill the 4s-orbital, then ten electrons fill the 3d-orbital, and finally six electrons fill the 4p-orbital.
       
       

Physical Properties :

Facts:
  Under Construction
    •Point 1
      -sub point

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Chemical Properties :

Facts:
  Under Construction
    •Point 1
      -sub point.

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One:
Subject
  Line 1
    •Line 2
      -line 3

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Subject
  Line 1
    •Line 2
      -line 3
Subject
  Line 1
    •Line 2
      -line 3

Two:

 
Heat Energy
In this applet you will be able to manipulate the temperature and see how matter behaves. This example applies to the matter in the gas state. Using your imagination you could see how it applies to all states.
 

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Back to One of Energy Transfer

Property of SOESD
November 30, 2008

The Atom:

The Center is the Nucleus which contains the mass of an atom.
The green area is the Electron Cloud which makes up the volume of an atom.

This would be an isotope of hydrogen, deuterium.

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Solid to Liquid:

Melting:
  -As heat energy is applied it breaks the weak attraction between moleculues creating a liquid.
Adding Heat
Energy
(top arrow)
Removing Heat
(bottom arrow)
  -As heat energy is removed it allows the moleculues to create a weak bond creating a solid.

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Liquid to Gas:

Boiling:
 
-As heat energy is applied it breaks the weak attraction between moleculues creating a gas.
Adding Heat
Energy
(top arrow)
Removing Heat
(bottom arrow)
 
-As heat energy is removed it allows the moleculues to create a weak bond creating a liquid..

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Solid:
Molecules are Vibrating.
Structure Closed Packed.
Shape: Constant

Volume: Constant

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Liquid:
Molecules are Flowing.
Structure Loosley Packed.
Shape: of Container

Volume: Constant

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 Gas:
Molecules are Moving Fast.
Structure Very Random
Shape: of Container

Volume: of Container

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Phase Diagram:

-Zone A is a solid.
-Ph. C_1 is a phase change.
  Heat energy is added temperature is constant. Energy is breaking the weak bonds between moleculues to make a liquid.
  Heat energy is removed temperature is constant. The removal of energy allows a weak bond to form between moleculues to make a solid.
-Zone B is a liquid.
-Ph. C_2 is a phase change.
  Heat energy is added temperature is constant. Energy is breaking the weak bonds between moleculues to make a gas.
  Heat energy is removed temperature is constant. The removal of energy allows a weak bond to form between moleculues to make a liquid.
-Zone C is a gas.

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Video on Electron Energy Levels of the Periodic Table:

-Periodic Table areas 1 to 6 (web page)
-Image of waterfall of energy levels 1s to 7f
  In the image note that 6f, 7d, and 7f would belong to theoretical elements. The highest electron energy level currently know to us is in 7p. Also of note is that if there were electrons beyond 7p they would probably fall into 8s, if nature continues the patern.
-Periodic Table filling of energy levels 1s to 4s (web page)
-Periodic Table filling of energy levels 3p to 7p (web page)
-Image of Rules for filling energy levels
  Rule 1 Pauli Exclusion Principle
    In an atom no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.
  Rule 2 Aufbau Principle
    Electrons are added one by one starting with the lowest energy level first.
  Rule 3 Hund's Rule
    In an energy level: electrons fill each level first before pairing up. Some paired electrons may break up to fill a sub shell.
-Link to video on Teacher Tube

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